Can't help on the legal front but the fact that you don't have a finished residence visa and was still on the probabtion period, I don't think things are in your favour.

You could go down the human rights route but coming back and making a complaint against their action showing documents to-:

a. prove you had a contract.
b. prove you had a short trip to bury your father (my condolences)
c. submit any letter you sent and received accepting emergency leave.
d. notifying them that you were not paid your salary.

I take it you have a return ticket to qatar that can be used.

Goodluck....